She’s a Witch! May We Burn Her?
[This post is slightly out of order. But it is Halloween season, so I couldn't resist.]
As the dark ages drew to a close, the Church suddenly got into the medicine business. Which meant that men were suddenly competing with those medicos of the dark ages, the midwife.
Midwives in medieval Europe often treated the entire village. She relied on combinations of herbal lore and faith healing. It isn’t terribly hard to see how the powers that be considered this to be, well, magical. Especially since even the male, learned medicine wasn’t terribly good at healing.
Add to this the Church’s negative stance on all aspects of female sexuality, and the witch craze was just waiting to happen.
Modern historians sometimes blame some sort of epidemic outbreak of mass hysteria, or perhaps a viral encephalopathy that swept through Europe in the fifteenth through seventeenth centuries. Feminist writers tend to chalk it up to misogyny, coupled with the political scene of the times.
Regardless, the average country midwife suddenly found herself under intense scrutiny by the pious folks of her village. When the traveling witch-hunters from the Vatican showed up, she found herself under interrogation, torture, and often the gallows.
The hunters had a guidebook, you see–they knew exactly what to look for. In 1484 two priests named Kramer and Sprenger wrote the “Hammer of Witches” (Malleus Maeleficarum), a lovely piece of fiction which carefully detailed how the devil seduced women to his cause, fornicated with them with his ice-cold penis, and gave them magical healing powers.
Umm–so healing is BAD, right? I must have missed that memo.
Anyway, this lovely novel explained exactly how to torture a witch into confession, inducing her to name all of her cohorts. It explained that women were all the handmaidens of the devil (”When a woman thinks alone, she thinks evil.”) It explained how female sexuality, ALL female sexuality, served the dark side (”All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which in women is insatiable…Wherefore for the sake of fulfilling their lusts they consort with devils.”)
I guess the men of medieval times just weren’t cutting it.
The interrogation and torture used were often quite sexual and definitely sadistic. The women were stripped and examined for devil’s marks, which could be anything from a skin tag to a birth mark. These were “pricked” by a pin, because a true devil’s mark apparently didn’t feel pain. But the women were standing naked in a room full of men, and were often so ashamed that they didn’t react properly. (Women who failed to cry under interrogation were also obviously guilty.)
Iron “breast rippers,” burning hot fat introduced into the vagina, witches’ chairs (metal stools heated to scalding), and prison rapes were among the sanctioned methods of inducing confessions.
For almost three hundred years, witch hunts came and went. The numbers were greatest in Germany, where an estimated 26,000 women were murdered. There are reports that, in the Bishopric of Trier in 1585, two villages were left with only one woman each. In Toulouse, 400 women were put to death in a single day.
Estimates from extant sources vary from 45,000 to 100,000 total women murdered. Given the poor records, some writers suggest that the total could well be in the millions.
The last persecutions for witchcraft in Europe were in the mid-eighteenth century. England formally ended the practice with the Witchcraft Act of 1735, a law that stayed on the books until it was replaced by the Fraudulent Mediums Act of 1951 (NINETEEN FIFTY ONE!!!) Still, there were reports of lynchings of suspected witches in Europe clear into the mid 1800s.
So, there ends the saga of the witch hunts, right?
Umm, no…
In May of 2008, 86 people were arrested in Kenya for the burning deaths of eleven people, suspected by the town of being witches. Apparently the crackdown was not very effective, since in June of 2009, a reporter for the BBC reported watching in horror as a mob burned five more women to death. Their crime? One of them talked to a boy who had been wandering all night, but wouldn’t speak.
Have I scared the snot out of you?
Happy Halloween.
[You can catch up on the entire series of The Nefarious History of Motherhood HERE.]
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52 Comments
Ed Adams
Friday, 30th October 2009 at 1:31 pm
Awww, yes. The good old days. Used to be able to burn them at the stake, but now we just marry them.
ck@badmommymoments
Friday, 30th October 2009 at 3:07 pm
That was a gripping read.
Wendy
Friday, 30th October 2009 at 3:28 pm
When my increasingly-senile Grandma tries to prove by the news or the TV preachers' evidence that the world will indeed end in 2012, I tell her, "there have been many times in history far more terrible than this one."
…"or perhaps a viral encephalopathy"… Medicalization of deviance, much? I'm all right, you're all right, we're all alright… and if we're not, there's a diagnosis for it, no need to change or think about how maybe we're actually just nuttier than squirrel poop.
Stephanie Barr
Friday, 30th October 2009 at 3:33 pm
The logical part of my brain just fainted. Which is it, that women control men through manipulation of men's insatiable lust or that women are readily controlled by their insatiable need for sex? Couldn't they pick one? Ah, the devil, wooing people down the dark path to healing the sick and injured instead of creating them via torture and rape. I know, when I'm feeling randy, there's nothing that sounds more appealing than "his ice-cold penis" – at first I thought you were describing my husband who often has hordes of women following him, but his is quite warm.
TheMother
Friday, 30th October 2009 at 3:33 pm
History is often about apologetics. No one wants to admit that men (or the Church) would behave that way, or that the people would just glom on and run with it. So they invent brain addling explanations. I've read through a few, from ergot contamination of the wheat to a viral encephalopathy. They all lay out good cases, but it still doesn't explain 300 years of mass executions, in my book.
Stephanie Barr
Friday, 30th October 2009 at 3:40 pm
I cut my comment short so it wouldn't be lost (like usual) and now I need to be approved. *Sigh*. Your blog hates me.
It is a wonder to me that, in the Western world where we pride ourselves on being "democratic and free," we have historically (and even now) so often villified kindness, education, compassion, tolerance, science and consensual copulation, and glorified torture, war, greed, ignorance, hatred, fear, and yes, even sexual predation?
I'm not scared. I'm disgusted.
Becca
Saturday, 31st October 2009 at 2:43 am
I knew I wouldn't have survived back then for some reason!! Oh, and thank the Goddess I don't live in Africa. Just backwoods Misery with all my damn rainbow stickers, oh well!
Lawyer Mom
Saturday, 31st October 2009 at 8:07 am
"The hunters had a guidebook, you see–they knew exactly what to look for. In 1484 two priests named Kramer and Sprenger wrote the “Hammer of Witches” (Malleus Maeleficarum), a lovely piece of fiction which carefully detailed how the devil seduced women to his cause, fornicated with them with his ice-cold penis, and gave them magical healing powers."
— and can you guess which cockpit this wicked witch was in?
Seriously, though, you seem to have a thoroughly comprehensive knowledge of the history of torture. The CIA needs you, now!
stepiphany
Saturday, 31st October 2009 at 5:34 pm
Very spooky story! It is appalling and shocking to me how people driven by fear of the unknown can so readily resort to torturing other human beings. The more things change, the more they stay the same.
However, I can't concentrate on that right now. I'm feeling insatiable, and about to go in search of an ice-cold penis!
river
Sunday, 1st November 2009 at 3:30 am
“She’s a witch! May we burn her?”
I love Monty Python.
It really is sad how men back then were all so fearful of women that they felt the need to “rule”.
Val
Sunday, 1st November 2009 at 11:10 am
I have been reading horrible accounts of the witch hunts in Africa at present time. "Priests" yes I use that so very losely, that are forced to call children out because of money issues and they need the followers. OMG, there is a special place in whatever hell anyone believes in for all of these MEN
Anne
Sunday, 1st November 2009 at 2:15 pm
People are always afraid of those who are different. In the past they were tortured and killed. That is less acceptable now, but those who are different are still treated poorly.
Dr. Grumpy
Sunday, 1st November 2009 at 4:20 pm
These stories are retold again and again as the atrocities of the Holocaust, or Khmer Rouge, or countless other massacres of history.
The bottom line is that some people will find justification to murder any group of "different" people, and will drum up flimsy reasons for why such horror is "necessary", and convince the lay population to be a part of it.
Sorcerer
Monday, 2nd November 2009 at 3:13 am
Thanks for givng us a good writeup
spookiness at its best
The Dental Maven
Monday, 2nd November 2009 at 1:08 pm
Sadly, I think we can't be shocked by the Kenyan witch burnings. Those East African countries are notorious for their miserable treatment of women. Kenyan women's "rights" (if you can call them that) are based on their relationships with men. When those relationships end, they lose everything.
The Mayor
Wednesday, 4th November 2009 at 4:29 am
Goof thing I was born in this era. My great grandmother was a midwife who rode her horse to attend neighbors births, I went on to become an OB nurse. Don't think either one of us would have fared very well in a different time and place.
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