Placebos, Drugs, and ADHD

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Let me preface this entire discussion by reminding everyone that I am not a shrink. I don’t even play one on TV. So don’t do anything stupid based on what I’m about to say.

Okay, then.

I was an ADHD skeptic. Note the past tense.

For years, as the cases around me piled up and the furor mounted, I was firmly convinced that it was a diagnosis of convenience, trumped up to explain rowdy behavior by bored kids.

That drugs made kids less rowdy wasn’t all that impressive, although the idea of using STIMULANTS to control this behavior was, indeed, pretty cool.

There is a fair amount of data that ADHD is more common in intelligent kids, who are also more likely to be bored. Or at least that was my story, and I was sticking to it.

Until I started homeschooling Stretch. Here was a child who was being maximally stimulated, but who couldn’t sit still. He also had great difficulty remembering what he was taught, mostly because he had a tendency to zone out.

Six months into this homeschooling adventure, I had pretty much had it. I took him to see the Grouch’s shrink, and I said, “I think Stretch might have ADHD.”

And he watched Stretch figiting, playing with all the little figures and toys in his office, bouncing up and down in the chair, and generally forgetting where he was or who was talking to him, and he said, “Gee, do you think?”

So Stretch is on those cool stimulant meds. His math skills quadrupled; his reading got better, he bounced through three grades in one year, and I didn’t want to throttle him all the time.

There has always been a bit of a controversy about all of this stuff, especially our tendency to medicate kids. Is it a gateway drug? Does it desensitize children to pill popping? Is it right to teach them that they can control their behavior better with drugs?

My answer? No, No, and, well, maybe.

The gateway drug in America isn’t pot or even ritalin. It’s cigarettes. Well documented. Throw out all the hyperbole of the far right, and you’ll find it in the medical literature.

Desensitization? I have to remind Stretch to take his meds. Not because he’s resistant. He just forgets. And is there anything wrong with that, anyway? Our society is finding fantastic new ways to deal with all sorts of problems, and, YES, that often translates to pills. But if we all got in the habit of taking them, maybe uncontrolled hypertension wouldn’t be the massive killer that it is today.

Futurist Ray Kurzwiel makes a great point. Our bodies, evolutionarily, are designed to hold onto every calorie, because they never knew where our next meals were coming from. Thus: obesity, heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, metabolic syndrome, and even some forms of cancer which are linked to the hormone shifts of obesity and metabolic syndrome.

We could learn to control that. Our brains are our evolutionary heritage. They can, and will, find a way to fix these problems–in the not so distant future.  Science is on an exponential curve. But it would probably mean that we pop a handful or two of pills every day. IS THAT SO BAD?

Unh-unh.

On the behavior angle, that’s where it gets tricky.

But let us remember all those massively depressed teens, who, if they were just given a little biochemical boost, might not have committed suicide. Or started treating their depression themselves with booze, or cocaine, or any number of readily available, terribly addictive drugs.

Why do I bring this up now?

This week, a study was released that suggests that one of the ways stimulant medications actually work in ADHD is by placebo effect. IN THE CARETAKERS.

[If you aren't familiar with the placebo effect, I refer you to this fabulous article by Dr. Harriet Hall. The short version? It works. It works well. At least in certain circumstances.]

This is, to my knowledge, the first documentation of second-hand placebo effect. Giving the drugs to the kids makes the teachers and parents more responsive to their needs, thus improving some of the dynamic that may have been the cause of the problem all along.

It forced me to go back and think about Stretch. Do I think that giving him the meds made me a better, more patient homeschooler, which therefore increased his chance of success?

NOPE. I was never a patient homeschooler. Nothing changed. And no way was just working with him enough to have flipped that switch that I saw between Stretch on meds and Stretch not on meds.

TO THIS DAY, we can tell if he forgot them. He’s scattered, unfocused. It’s obvious.

Here’s my problem, with ADHD in general and with this study in particular.

There is no question that there is a normal spectrum of behavior in children, and that some of the kids diagnosed with ADHD and even other psychological problems are just on that normal spectrum. In this group of kids, the social dynamics may very well be causing most, if not all, of their problems. Thus, my initial skepticism about the whole thing. And the probable reason that the second-hand placebo effect works for some of these kids.

But there are clearly children who DO, truly, benefit from these drugs. They aren’t getting the benefit just from placebo effect.

And, unfortunately, the anti-drug folks are going to run this study into the ground, whining about how we over-medicate our youth and big pharma and natural is better, etc.

If we have learned ANYTHING from the history of medicine (and the small bits of it that I have been feeding my loyal readers on Fridays), it is this:

Our BRAINS, they work. Given enough time, the science will prevail, and we will be able to solve many of our bodies’ problems. But not without drugs. The natural, clean, no frills way of life only gets us so far. Actually, to an average life span of about 40.

I often hear it said that people just didn’t get cancer hundreds of years ago. Or heart disease. It’s all a product of our new, fancy, unhealthy lifestyle.

BULLSHIT. People didn’t get those things (as often) because they didn’t live long enough. They died of all the things we can cure now. WITH DRUGS.

Better living through biochemistry. Or at least living.

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104 Comments

Amen. I feel compelled to add that the same anti-drug folks who moan and whine about kids being over-medicated tend to be the very same folks who refuse to vaccinate their own kids. @@

[Reply]

OMG, you are spot on awesome!

The soldier has adhd, and we tried meds for about 3 years, but he kept getting more and more aggressive. Then I find out this year (yup I was a little slow) that children with a chemical imbalance (like bipolar) become more manic and more aggressive (try WAY more) on stimulant meds.

They are also more likely to self-medicate with illegal drugs, but that is one of the risks that I take to keep him under control. I understand what you are saying, and you are right…the study people will have a field day with this. But really, how many moms could feel better just by giving their kid a pill. And doesn't that imply there is something wrong with us in the first place???

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TheMother Replies:

I am a firm believer in finding good psychiatric help and then trusting them. From what I understand, bipolar kids are often misdiagnosed as ADHD, and vice versa. Plus, there's overlap. This isn't a perfect science, and the brain is still largely a "black box."

As for feeling better because you gave your kid a pill? I don't think that demeans us. How often do we feel better because the kid put on a coat, even though he swore he wasn't cold? Or because they took a vitamin since they don't eat their veggies? Moms want what's best for a kid, and if we're convinced that a pill is going to do that, then, damn it, where do I get them.

That said, the placebo effect in this case was more about expectations–the caregivers believed the child would act better, and so found social solutions to whatever continuing problems existed. But if social solutions solved the child's problem, maybe he shouldn't have been on the meds to begin with.

I don't think you'll find many people who DON'T think that ADHD is overdiagnosed.

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Becca Replies:

Yeah, I didn't get that to begin with!

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I agree about the age thing. People have this notion that our bodies are made to live to 125 years old, if only we maintained them optimally (Like all those articles you see about some group of people who live in an old Japanese village where they tout fresh fish and goji berries or whatever antioxidant is en vogue at the time.) But in reality, our bodies have a shorter natural lifespan (as you say 50 or so years) which we have been able to prolong considerably. LUCKY US!

I have no problem with kids taking meds, provided they NEED them. I have seen a few people close to me get misdiagnosed, over-medicated and that in turn screwed them up just as bad. I have also seen some be properly diagnosed, correctly medicated (which I am aware can sometimes be a trial & error process) and helped out. So I am on the fence about it all. It's really a case by case decision. I still believe way too many kids have been dismissed as ADHD, when they couldn't hold a candle to what your son has to go through.

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TheMother Replies:

No question. There are overdiagnoses. Some of them are perpetrated by the schools (horror stories abound of parents told to medicate their kids or they'd have to find another school), some by well-meaning parents who want to give their kids that extra "edge."

Psychiatry is still largely operating in a "black box." It's not rocket science (sorry, Stephanie). At least not yet. Someday.

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OK, lost the long and detailed comment I wrote because it wouldn't accept it as a guest so had to set up on IntenseDebate which ate the COMMENT.

*sigh* Thought you should know.

I'm going to gather my scattered wits and try again. In a bit.

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TheMother Replies:

So sorry, Stephanie. I put in Intense Debate because I couldn't get my replies to show up after the specific comment, no matter what I did. Hopefully, we can work the kinks out. I still have to figure out how to get comment luv to work with it–I'm trying. I've seen it done on other blogs, so I'm sure I can work it out.

Once you've commented, it should not require you to re-register, so hopefully you're done. I hope.

[Reply]

I'd like to say thank you. I agree about the cancer and life spans, medications, all of it really. I hear the same thing about c-sections (I had 4) and my boys and I wouldn't be here without them. Also, I would not be the mother I am and my kids would not be who they are without the wonders of antidepressants. We had a couple of rough years as I spiraled downward. I'm just so glad for the pills I take. Without them I might not be around anymore.

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TheMother Replies:

People do love to get up on their high horses about stuff. Obstetric intervention has been a hot topic since the sixties (interestingly, right after the massive decline in obstetric mortality in the 50s. People have a really, really short memory).

[Reply]

I agree. There are kids that need the meds. It cannot be denied. And while we should also teach coping mechanisms, there is no doubt that medications work for a variety of illnesses. Enough putting down that which helps us. I completely agree.

[Reply]

We have an ADHD'er here. If you have been reading my blog long enough (I haven't been blogging as much about the kids lately – they've calmed down & gotten a little boring, LOL) you'll know it's Dolly. She came out of the womb DIFFERENT.

Hers falls into the range where she has excellent attention span – if she likes what she is doing she is extremely focused, & on tests can show the attention of a far older kid.

However, she has ZERO impulse control. So if she doesn't like what you're offering, her brain & her butt are GONE. If it occurs to her, she's going to do it, whether it's appropriate or not.

The social responses these kids get is HUGE. It can really be detrimental to their sense of self. We spend a lot of time talking about being a good friend, how to interact, and we do a lot of play dates with kids that she gets along with well. Interestingly, she gets along best with other girls who are also just a little more than their parents can handle. Calm kids get really worn out really fast.

We aren't medicating. Her teacher last year said, "I just don't think her grades reflect her ability!" because she was getting B's instead of A's. I said, "I know. And I don't think 2nd grade grades are going to matter in 20 years. B is still good." To which her teacher almost had a stroke.

We know we may eventual have to do the medication, but for now I choose to view her as a kid who needs a little special direction. Still manageable. Diet is extremely important and she MUST. KNOW. THE. PLAN. YOU DON'T HAVE A PLAN? SHE IS MAKING THE PLAN FOR YOU THEN.

I think she'll grow up to be a super-intent, very driven person. I love that. I hope we can keep motivating her forward medication-free, but I know that's not always possible. "Puberty [may] hit her hard," (ten points if you recognize the quote!) and being her parent is a hard, hard job some days, but that's okay. She has made me a more patient & more focused parent.

The psych I took her test results to said that her gender & where she falls on the spectrum make her a good candidate for behavior mod instead of drugs – but that most boys can't do it med-free.

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TheMother Replies:

That's great. I agree with the whole, why do grades in grade school matter? They don't. The only grades that matter are in high school and college.

I would have loved to have gone med free with Stretch. We tried it all–diet (yeah, right), study habits, focus training, meditation.

Here's the thing–if your kid can't focus to learn the focusing therapy, it probably isn't going to work.

I still think he'll grow out of it. Probably right around the time people stop asking him to do things that don't interest him in the slightest. Even Stretch can focus if he cares, enough. He just doesn't, 99.9% of the time.

[Reply]

Second-hand placebo seems to be unique to this class of drugs. I wonder why? Complicating this issue is that medical studies have repeatedly demonstrated a very high percentage (a little over 80%) of normal kids improve some aspects of behavior with stimulants. That is why response to these drugs is not to be used as a diagnostic tool.

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TheMother Replies:

Thus, the massive concern about over eager parents medicating their kids to give them an 'edge.'

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my response was a little long winded and I posted in response, or better said, in inspiration to this today. I linked you… check it out :) You got me out of laundry.,

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TheMother Replies:

Thanks for sharing your story. I was really only attempting to discuss pediatric ADHD. The adult version is far more complicated, and a tad more controversial. And something I know even less about.

But I do understand that, "AHA" moment, when you realize what normal feels like. I had it once, when I was given a new pair of glasses that gave me binocular vision, and therefore DEPTH PERCEPTION, for the first time in my life. I fell over curbs that jumped out at me, and I suddenly realized why I had had so many fender benders. It was wild.

For those of you who want to read Margo's response, it's at http://lifeintheshortlane.com

[Reply]

OK, trying again (I really liked my earlier comment).

The thing that struck me while reading this is how hard it is to find a single answer (and how much we want there to be one). That and, of course, that modern medicine is a wonderful thing as demonstrated by the abysmal medical stats of all the third world countries who are still going all natural (not necessarily voluntarily). You don't need to remember a century ago – there are examples all over the world.

But the thing is, just like anything else involving people, there isn't just one answer that works for everything. To say medicine is never the answer makes as little sense as saying that a pill can solve anything.

I know when I was clinically depressed, the antidepressant helped a great deal, but it would have been less effective if I had still been with my first husband and wasn't actively trying to work through my issues. But a pill won't help a kid that's neglected or abused unless the source is addressed.

Our lives have lasted longer not just because of antibiotics and vaccines (though that's certainly a factor), but also because of hygiene and refrigerator. We are chemical beings, but we also have instincts, are affected by environment, can learn.

And I think it will continue to be forced to weigh and use different methods to address our issues, with no simple answer, no magic solution to all problems. Labels can hide a deeper problem. They can let a parent who doesn't give her child sufficient discipline or attention think she can solve her problem by absolving her of responsibility and advocating a pill. That doesn't mean that applies in every case. Just because a solution doesn't work for everyone, doesn't mean it doesn't work for many.

God, I'm rambling.

Actually, the sad thing is that scientific studies are often misused as laymen media sources pulls out "pertinent" statements without the caveats and assumptions and supporting analysis that make those statements meaningful. And it doesn't just happen in medicine.

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TheMother Replies:

Agreed. Everything.

The depression comment is absolutely true. People aren't JUST depressed because they have a serotonin axis imbalance. There are, clearly, social factors that must be addressed. And since the brain is still largely uncharted territory, we still don't know what came first–is the serotonin axis messed up BECAUSE of the social situation?

Nonetheless, I pin my hopes on science to figure it all out. Be it behavioral therapy or drugs, we will, eventually, solve these problems. As long as people are inclined to listen to the answers.

(And yes, sanitation was THE biggest lifespan improver of all time. But the diseases that sanitation prevents are all currently treatable with antibiotics, so it wasn't such a huge stretch to make my point.)

[Reply]

Hazel Replies:

Mmm, agree totally on the depression thing. I have been in that dark and terrible place a few times and there have been a lot of GOOD reasons in my life to be depressed. For me, the anti-depressants I took caused more depression and self-harm. Came off them about four months after going on them, which was last year. Was still depressed for a while afterwards, but now I'm not, and I can't pinpoint any specific reason for it.

On the other hand, my dad has been on anti-depressants for years now and is doing very well on them. He also had a lot of good reasons in his life to be depressed. He's gone through a few different types including the one I was on – none of them made him any more depressed.

The brain is so very random. Psychiatrists do the best they currently can, and I certainly hope it won't be too far into the future that they will be much more aware of what's going on in there.

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When I was studying in grad school and the tub I was running overflowed into the downstairs apartment , when I took hour-long showers because I was "thinking" and forgot I had class in fifteen minutes, umm Well let's just say I figured out there was a problem. Timers helped . . . but I'm all for the meds.

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TheMother Replies:

Are you related to Stretch? I never knew that someone could get lost in the shower before, but he does.

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Hazel Replies:

Heh, I used to go off into my own head a lot as a kid. Hazel, put your shoes on. Put your shoes on Hazel. WE ARE GOING TO BE LATE, put your shoes on. Shoes. On. Hazel, are you in there?

Apparently there was a holiday we went on where I would wake my parents up at some ungodly hour every morning by tickling their feet. I'm told that I found this hysterically funny.

Telling me to NOT do any of my bad behaviour was met by blank stares, and then fake apologies once I learned that apologising was a way to fix stuff.

…..

Today I have tremendous admiration for my parents that they didn't kill me.

I do the daydreaming now, but usually when my brain is idle, like when I'm trying to sleep. Brain is so busy, it's very noisy in there and awkward to get to sleep. Timers are good for me too, or I would probably fail to do things like make edible food. I heart my microwave and mobile phone alarm.

[Reply]

It's the same thing with Postpartum depression. There is so much prejudice about mother's who need meds to get over their all of a sudden uncontrollable hormones. My sister had to take them for one year after giving birth to her son but not without the comments from some family members. I saw how it changed her mood and made the hormones more manageable.

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In college worked with a guy who was in his early 20's. He said his parents were advised to give him meds early on but didn't 'believe' in medicating children. According to him, they tried EVERYTHING. Diet, behavior modification, more therapy, supplements, all kinds of kooky stuff for years. Finally when he was 14 he said, give me the damn drugs. His life changed. He then had to enter therapy to get over the anger he had towards his parents for not giving him the medication earlier.

[Reply]

Without the wonders of pharmacology at my house:
I would never sleep (thank you Ambien), nor breath clearly (thank you Sudafed & Allegra)
My intelligent daughter would go back to failing grades with notebooks full of doodling (thank you Focalin), my husband would still be behaving like a total ass (thank you Effexor) and I would be a mother of 16 instead of merely 6 (thank you oral contraceptives).
Damn, without the chemical help I would probably have my own reality show.

[Reply]

i heard of the plecebo effect, read an article about it in scientifc american i believe. very interesting.

some of the people i talk to casually say depression and all of these other illnesses are made up in our mind and that we just need to read the bible.

for some, i think it's a little more than that…if a drug helps, take it.

[Reply]

[...] When reading reviews or synopses of scientific papers, it’s imperative to keep this in mind. Two different reviewers, with two different agendas, can see something totally different in the same study. And they may very well slant their review based on that agenda (remember the ADHD placebo effect study?). [...]

I wish I had something smart to add, but I don't. I'll just say instead that I love your blog.

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